10 Major UN Agencies and What They Actually Do

The United Nations (UN) is the cornerstone of international cooperation, focusing on peace, development, and human rights. Through its specialized agencies, the UN addresses pressing global challenges, ranging from hunger and disease to education, refugees, and climate change. Understanding the roles and impact of these agencies is crucial to appreciate the scope of the UN’s contribution to world stability and progress. In this article, we will explore 10 major UN agencies, detailing their missions, responsibilities, and the vital work they do around the globe.

1. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

UNICEF is dedicated to promoting and protecting the rights and well-being of children worldwide. Created in 1946 to provide emergency food and healthcare to children in countries devastated by World War II, UNICEF now operates in over 190 countries. Its work spans child protection, immunization, education, nutrition, and emergency relief. UNICEF’s global vaccination programs and campaigns against child exploitation and trafficking have had a lasting impact on generations of young people. The agency partners with governments and local organizations to ensure safe, healthy, and fulfilling childhoods for every child, especially those in crisis situations.

2. World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Health Organization is the leading authority on international public health. Established in 1948, WHO coordinates global efforts to control disease outbreaks, improve healthcare systems, and promote public health research. Its initiatives include eradication campaigns for diseases like smallpox and polio, setting international health standards, providing emergency aid during health crises, and supporting countries in strengthening their health systems. During the COVID-19 pandemic, WHO played a central role in coordinating responses and disseminating vital information to governments and the public.

3. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

The UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) leads international action to protect and support refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people. Founded in 1950, UNHCR provides life-saving assistance such as shelter, food, water, and medical care during humanitarian emergencies. The agency also helps refugees rebuild their lives by facilitating access to education, work, and legal assistance. UNHCR’s resettlement programs and advocacy work help ensure the rights and dignity of millions driven from their homes by conflict or persecution.

4. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

UNDP is the United Nations’ global development network, focused on poverty reduction, democratic governance, and sustainable development. Operating in nearly 170 countries, UNDP works closely with governments and communities to advance economic growth, improve governance, and promote environmental sustainability. UNDP supports the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), provides crisis recovery assistance, and helps strengthen institutions to withstand shocks and manage risks.

5. World Food Programme (WFP)

The World Food Programme is the world’s largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger and food insecurity. Established in 1961, WFP provides food assistance to people affected by conflict, disasters, and poverty. The organization delivers emergency food relief, implements school meal programs, and supports agricultural development to build long-term resilience. In 2020, WFP was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for its efforts to combat hunger and improve conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas.

6. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

UNESCO fosters international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication. Since its inception in 1945, the agency has promoted literacy, safeguarded cultural heritage, and encouraged freedom of expression. UNESCO’s World Heritage program preserves outstanding cultural and natural sites worldwide. The agency also leads initiatives in global education, science policy, and media development, working to build peace through strengthened intellectual and moral solidarity around the world.

7. International Labour Organization (ILO)

The ILO is the only tripartite UN agency, bringing together governments, employers, and workers to promote decent work and social justice. Founded in 1919 (making it older than the UN itself), ILO develops international labor standards, champions the rights of workers, and fights against child labor and discrimination. Its work ensures fair wages, safe workplaces, and job security—core elements in the pursuit of inclusive and sustainable growth.

8. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

FAO leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security. Launched in 1945, FAO helps countries modernize and improve their agricultural, forestry, and fisheries practices. The agency provides technical expertise, collects data on food production and hunger, and shapes international policies on food and agriculture. FAO’s mission is to achieve zero hunger while ensuring that food systems are environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable.

9. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

UNEP is the leading global environmental authority, setting the international environmental agenda and promoting sustainable development. Established in 1972, UNEP coordinates environmental activities within the UN system and assists countries in implementing sound environmental policies. It produces influential reports (such as the Emissions Gap Report), supports ecosystem restoration, combats pollution and climate change, and fosters green economic development. UNEP also leads the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in partnership with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

10. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The IAEA is an independent agency working with the UN to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and prevent its misuse for military purposes. Established in 1957, the IAEA conducts nuclear inspections, supports nuclear safety and security, and assists countries in using nuclear technology for development in medicine, agriculture, and energy production. The agency’s verification and monitoring roles are critical in non-proliferation agreements and global security.

Conclusion: The Broader Impact of UN Agencies

The United Nations’ specialized agencies are the engines behind some of the world’s most important humanitarian, development, and peacekeeping efforts. Each agency brings unique expertise and resources to the table, addressing global problems with targeted solutions and unwavering commitment. Whether eradicating diseases, assisting refugees, ending hunger, promoting education, or combatting climate change, these agencies make a tangible difference in the lives of millions every year.

As the world faces increasingly complex challenges—from pandemics and conflicts to climate crises and inequality—the role of the UN and its agencies remains essential. By working collaboratively with countries, NGOs, and communities, these organizations promote peace, dignity, and opportunity for all. Understanding their missions is key to recognizing the breadth and significance of the UN’s work in creating a more just, sustainable, and peaceful global society.